Diabetes

Diabetic Complications: Neuropathy, Nephropathy

Diabetic Complications: Neuropathy, Nephropathy & Retinopathy will provide a comprehensive exploration of the three most common and serious long-term complications associated with both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. As the global burden of diabetes continues to rise, so does the prevalence of these debilitating conditions, which significantly impact quality of life and increase morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. Chronic hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic dysregulation are key contributors to the development of microvascular complications that affect the nervous system, kidneys, and eyes. Diabetic neuropathy is a progressive nerve disorder that affects nearly half of all people with diabetes over time. It manifests in several forms, with peripheral neuropathy being the most common causing numbness, tingling, burning sensations, and pain, primarily in the hands and feet. Autonomic neuropathy can also occur, affecting vital bodily functions including digestion, bladder control, and heart rate. Diabetic nephropathy, also known as diabetic kidney disease (DKD), is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. It progresses silently, with microalbuminuria often being the first clinical indicator. Over time, it leads to proteinuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), hypertension, and eventually kidney failure.