Diabetes

Gestational Diabetes & Women’s Health

Gestational Diabetes & Women’s Health the unique challenges, clinical implications, and long-term health impacts of diabetes that arise during pregnancy. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common metabolic complications of pregnancy, characterized by glucose intolerance that is first recognized during gestation. Affecting up to 10%–15% of pregnancies globally, GDM poses significant risks not only to maternal health but also to fetal development and long-term outcomes for both mother and child. GDM is primarily caused by hormonal changes during pregnancy that increase insulin resistance, particularly in the second and third trimesters. In women with predisposing factors such as obesity, advanced maternal age, family history of diabetes, or certain ethnic backgrounds—these hormonal shifts may overwhelm pancreatic beta-cell function, resulting in hyperglycemia. If left unmanaged, GDM can lead to serious complications such as preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, and respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn. The use of insulin therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents such as metformin will also be reviewed, with an emphasis on safety, efficacy, and maternal-fetal outcomes. Beyond pregnancy, GDM significantly increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life for both the mother and child. Children born to mothers with GDM are more likely to develop obesity, metabolic syndrome, and glucose intolerance as they age.